person · Reporting owner

CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE

Disclosed activity across 1 company

Tapewire entity: 52594
SEC CIK: 0002045503

Reported relationships

Latest disclosed role at each company.

Company	Last reported as	Report date	Published
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.LAC · Entity 4908	SVP Government & Ext. Affairs	April 10, 2026	April 15, 2026

Disclosed balances

About these balances

Latest available filing per company, not a reconstructed current portfolio. Matching sequences show the last reported balance with all source rows expandable; grouping alone does not establish account ownership. Do not add unresolved positions together. Filings may omit unchanged positions, and amendments may correct only part of an older disclosure. Jointly reported shares are not necessarily this owner's personal holdings.

LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.

Report date April 10, 2026 · Filed April 15, 2026

Security / award	Ownership account	Disclosed shares / units	Disclosure context
Common SharesSEC Table I · non-derivative	Direct	181,011	Reported balance After 2026-04-10 transaction · row 1 1 source row Row 1 · 2026-04-10 · Exercise / conversion · Acquired 15,673 · Balance 181,011 F1: Each restricted share unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock.
Restricted Share UnitsSEC Table II · derivative / convertible security	Direct	31,347	Reported balance After 2026-04-10 transaction · row 2 Instrument identity requires review; Table II rows are not merged. 1 source row Row 2 · 2026-04-10 · Exercise / conversion · Disposed 15,673 · Balance 31,347 F1: Each restricted share unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F2: Represents grant of RSUs on April 10, 2025, which vest 1/3 annually on the anniversary of the grant date, beginning in 2026.

Filing footnotes · ownership attribution and instrument terms

F1: Each restricted share unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock.

F2: Represents grant of RSUs on April 10, 2025, which vest 1/3 annually on the anniversary of the grant date, beginning in 2026.

Transaction history

JSON API

Purchases/sales include open-market and private transactions. Plan disclosure applies to the filing; individual rows may differ. “Not disclosed” is not “unplanned.”

The cutoff filters transaction history only. Company summaries and owner relationships show the latest available disclosures. Parser corrections can improve historical records.

Transaction date	Company	Activity / security	Shares / units	Reported price	Reported value	Details
April 10, 2026 Filed Apr 15, 2026 00:06 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionRestricted Share Units · Derivative	15,673	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-26-000595 · form4.xml · derivative · entry 2 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · SVP Government & Ext. Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 31,347 Underlying: Common Shares · 15,673 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Each restricted share unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F2 · derivative.exercise_date: Represents grant of RSUs on April 10, 2025, which vest 1/3 annually on the anniversary of the grant date, beginning in 2026. F2 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents grant of RSUs on April 10, 2025, which vest 1/3 annually on the anniversary of the grant date, beginning in 2026. Read SEC document
April 10, 2026 Filed Apr 15, 2026 00:06 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionCommon Shares	15,673	Not disclosed	Not disclosed	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-26-000595 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · SVP Government & Ext. Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 181,011 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · price: Each restricted share unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. Read SEC document
February 12, 2026 Filed Mar 24, 2026 22:00 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Tax withholdingCommon Shares	3,412	$4.54	$15,490.48	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-26-000500 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · SVP Government & Ext. Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 165,338 Read SEC document
February 09, 2026 Filed Feb 11, 2026 22:15 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionRestricted Share Units · Derivative	7,836	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-26-000295 · form4.xml · derivative · entry 2 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · SVP Government & Ext. Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Shares · 7,836 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Each restricted share unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F2 · derivative.exercise_date: Represents grant of RSUs on February 9, 2023, which vest 1/3 annually on the anniversary of the grant date, beginning in 2024. F2 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents grant of RSUs on February 9, 2023, which vest 1/3 annually on the anniversary of the grant date, beginning in 2024. Read SEC document
February 09, 2026 Filed Feb 11, 2026 22:15 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionCommon Shares	7,836	Not disclosed	Not disclosed	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-26-000295 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · SVP Government & Ext. Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 168,750 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · price: Each restricted share unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. Read SEC document
January 29, 2026 Filed Feb 3, 2026 01:13 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	GrantRestricted Share Units · Derivative	26,199	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-26-000233 · form4.xml · derivative · entry 2 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 26,199 Underlying: Common Shares · 26,199 shares Expires not disclosed F2 · derivative.exercise_price: Each restricted share unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F3 · derivative.exercise_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 29, 2026, which vest 1/3 annually on the anniversary of the grant date, beginning in 2027. F3 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 29, 2026, which vest 1/3 annually on the anniversary of the grant date, beginning in 2027. Read SEC document
January 29, 2026 Filed Feb 3, 2026 01:13 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	GrantCommon Shares	25,490	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-26-000233 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 160,914 F1 · shares: Represents grant of short-term restricted share units which vest 100% 60 days from the grant date. Read SEC document
January 23, 2026 Filed Jan 28, 2026 00:41 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionRestricted Share Units · Derivative	6,629	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-26-000147 · form4.xml · derivative · entry 2 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 6,629 Underlying: Common Shares · 6,629 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Each restricted stock unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F3 · derivative.exercise_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 23, 2024, which vests 1/3 annually beginning in 2025. F3 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 23, 2024, which vests 1/3 annually beginning in 2025. F2 · balance_after: Balances reflect one (1) share correction due to prior administrative rounding error with respect to RSU vesting in 2025. Read SEC document
January 23, 2026 Filed Jan 28, 2026 00:41 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionCommon Shares	6,629	Not disclosed	Not disclosed	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-26-000147 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 135,424 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · price: Each restricted stock unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F2 · balance_after: Balances reflect one (1) share correction due to prior administrative rounding error with respect to RSU vesting in 2025. Read SEC document
November 14, 2025 Filed Nov 18, 2025 22:30 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	SaleCommon Shares	4,763	$4.50	$21,433.50	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-001259 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 132,714 Read SEC document
October 24, 2025 Filed Nov 18, 2025 22:30 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionCommon Shares · Derivative	11,417	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-001259 · form4.xml · derivative · entry 3 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 22,834 Underlying: Common Shares · 11,417 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Each restricted share unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F2 · derivative.exercise_date: Represents grant of RSUs on October 24, 2023, which vest as follows: 1/3 on October 24, 2024; 1/3 on October 24, 2025; and 1/3 on October 24, 2026. As of the date of this Form 3, 38,610 unvested RSUs remain. F2 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents grant of RSUs on October 24, 2023, which vest as follows: 1/3 on October 24, 2024; 1/3 on October 24, 2025; and 1/3 on October 24, 2026. As of the date of this Form 3, 38,610 unvested RSUs remain. Read SEC document
October 24, 2025 Filed Nov 18, 2025 22:30 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionCommon Shares	11,417	Not disclosed	Not disclosed	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-001259 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 137,477 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · price: Each restricted share unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. Read SEC document
June 09, 2025 Filed Jun 11, 2025 16:30 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Tax withholdingCommon Shares	17,014	$2.74	$46,618.36	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-000642 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 126,060 Read SEC document
April 10, 2025 Filed Apr 15, 2025 01:01 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	GrantRestricted Share Units · Derivative	47,020	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-000415 · form4.xml · derivative · entry 2 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 47,020 Underlying: Common Shares · 47,020 shares Expires not disclosed F2 · derivative.exercise_price: Each restricted share unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F3 · derivative.exercise_date: Represents grant of RSUs on April 10, 2025, which vest 1/3 annually beginning in 2026. F3 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents grant of RSUs on April 10, 2025, which vest 1/3 annually beginning in 2026. Read SEC document
April 10, 2025 Filed Apr 15, 2025 01:01 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	GrantCommon Shares	41,507	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-000415 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 143,074 F1 · security: Represents grant of short-term restricted share units which vest 100% 60 days from the grant date. F1 · date: Represents grant of short-term restricted share units which vest 100% 60 days from the grant date. F1 · deemedExecutionDate: Represents grant of short-term restricted share units which vest 100% 60 days from the grant date. F1 · kind: Represents grant of short-term restricted share units which vest 100% 60 days from the grant date. F1 · shares: Represents grant of short-term restricted share units which vest 100% 60 days from the grant date. F1 · price: Represents grant of short-term restricted share units which vest 100% 60 days from the grant date. F1 · acquired: Represents grant of short-term restricted share units which vest 100% 60 days from the grant date. F1 · balance_after: Represents grant of short-term restricted share units which vest 100% 60 days from the grant date. F1 · ownership.direct: Represents grant of short-term restricted share units which vest 100% 60 days from the grant date. F1 · ownership.nature: Represents grant of short-term restricted share units which vest 100% 60 days from the grant date. Read SEC document
February 09, 2025 Filed Apr 15, 2025 00:54 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionRestricted Share Units · Derivative	3,918	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-000413 · form4.xml · derivative · entry 6 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 3,918 Underlying: Common Shares · 3,918 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Each restricted stock unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F4 · derivative.exercise_date: Represents grant of RSUs on February 9, 2023, which vests 1/3 annually beginning in 2024. F4 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents grant of RSUs on February 9, 2023, which vests 1/3 annually beginning in 2024. Read SEC document
February 09, 2025 Filed Apr 15, 2025 00:54 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionCommon Shares	3,918	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-000413 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 3 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 101,567 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. Read SEC document
January 31, 2025 Filed Apr 15, 2025 00:54 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionRestricted Share Units · Derivative	6,032	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-000413 · form4.xml · derivative · entry 5 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Shares · 6,032 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Each restricted stock unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F3 · derivative.exercise_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 31, 2022, the balance of which vest in January 2025. F3 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 31, 2022, the balance of which vest in January 2025. Read SEC document
January 31, 2025 Filed Apr 15, 2025 00:54 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionCommon Shares	6,032	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-000413 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 97,649 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. Read SEC document
January 31, 2025 Filed Nov 26, 2025 23:01 UTC Amendment	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionRestricted Share Units · Derivative	6,032	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-001323 · form4a.xml · derivative · entry 4 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Shares · 6,032 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Each restricted stock unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F3 · derivative.exercise_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 31, 2022, the balance of which vest in January 2025. F3 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 31, 2022, the balance of which vest in January 2025. Read SEC document
January 31, 2025 Filed Nov 26, 2025 23:01 UTC Amendment	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionCommon Shares	6,032	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-001323 · form4a.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 97,649 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. Read SEC document
January 23, 2025 Filed Apr 15, 2025 00:54 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionRestricted Share Units · Derivative	6,629	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-000413 · form4.xml · derivative · entry 4 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 13,257 Underlying: Common Shares · 6,629 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Each restricted stock unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F2 · derivative.exercise_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 23, 2024, which vests 1/3 annually beginning in 2025. F2 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 23, 2024, which vests 1/3 annually beginning in 2025. Read SEC document
January 23, 2025 Filed Apr 15, 2025 00:54 UTC	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionCommon Shares	6,629	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-000413 · form4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 91,617 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. Read SEC document
January 23, 2025 Filed Nov 26, 2025 23:01 UTC Amendment	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionRestricted Share Units · Derivative	6,629	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-001323 · form4a.xml · derivative · entry 3 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 13,257 Underlying: Common Shares · 6,629 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Each restricted stock unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Issuer's common stock. F2 · derivative.exercise_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 23, 2024, which vests 1/3 annually beginning in 2025. F2 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents grant of RSUs on January 23, 2024, which vests 1/3 annually beginning in 2025. Read SEC document
January 23, 2025 Filed Nov 26, 2025 23:01 UTC Amendment	LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. LAC · Entity 4908	Exercise / conversionCommon Shares	6,629	$0.00	$0.00	Disclosure SEC source: 0000912282-25-001323 · form4a.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 CROWLEY TIMOTHY AMBROSE · CIK 0002045503 · VP, Gov & External Affairs 10b5-1 filing: No plan indicated Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 91,617 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. Read SEC document

Value uses the disclosed total when available, otherwise shares × reported transaction price. It is not an estimate of exercise cash cost or investment performance.