person · Reporting owner
FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III
Disclosed activity across 2 companies
Sign in to followReported relationships
Latest disclosed role at each company.
| Company | Last reported as | Report date | Published |
|---|---|---|---|
| AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER CO INCAEP · Entity 2986 | Director | September 30, 2026 | October 02, 2026 |
| XCEL ENERGY INCXEL · Entity 3042 | Director · Executive Chairman | December 13, 2021 | December 15, 2021 |
Disclosed balances
About these balances
Latest available filing per company, not a reconstructed current portfolio. Matching sequences show the last reported balance with all source rows expandable; grouping alone does not establish account ownership. Do not add unresolved positions together. Filings may omit unchanged positions, and amendments may correct only part of an older disclosure. Jointly reported shares are not necessarily this owner's personal holdings.
AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER CO INC
Report date September 30, 2026 · Filed October 02, 2026
| Security / award | Ownership account | Disclosed shares / units | Disclosure context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phantom Stock UnitsSEC Table II · derivative / convertible security · Conversion / exercise price $0.00 | Direct | 7,504 |
Reported balance
After 2026-09-30 transaction · row 3
Instrument identity requires review; Table II rows are not merged.
1 source rowRow 3 · 2026-09-30 · Grant · Acquired 0 · Balance 7,504 F3: Was AEP Stock Price at the time of the transaction. F2: Stock Units are paid to the director in cash or shares upon termination of service unless the director has elected to defer payment for a period that results in payment commencing not later than five years thereafter. |
| Common StockSEC Table I · non-derivative | Direct | 2,392 |
Reported balance
Holding disclosure · report date 2026-09-30 · row 1
Holding and transaction disclosures are not merged.
1 source rowRow 1 · Balance 2,392 F1: The reporting director previously deferred the receipt of his quarterly cash retainer into the AEP Stock Fund under the AEP Stock Unit Accumulation Plan for Non-Employee Directors. The reporting director may transfer amounts in the AEP Stock Fund into an alternative investment at any time. |
| Common StockSEC Table I · non-derivative | Direct | 25,898 |
Reported balance
Holding disclosure · report date 2026-09-30 · row 2
Holding and transaction disclosures are not merged.
1 source rowRow 2 · Balance 25,898 |
Filing footnotes · ownership attribution and instrument terms
F1: The reporting director previously deferred the receipt of his quarterly cash retainer into the AEP Stock Fund under the AEP Stock Unit Accumulation Plan for Non-Employee Directors. The reporting director may transfer amounts in the AEP Stock Fund into an alternative investment at any time.
F2: Stock Units are paid to the director in cash or shares upon termination of service unless the director has elected to defer payment for a period that results in payment commencing not later than five years thereafter.
F3: Was AEP Stock Price at the time of the transaction.
XCEL ENERGY INC
Report date December 13, 2021 · Filed December 15, 2021
| Security / award | Ownership account | Disclosed shares / units | Disclosure context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Common StockSEC Table I · non-derivative | Direct | 150,555 |
Reported balance
After 2021-12-13 transaction · row 1
1 source rowRow 1 · 2021-12-13 · Sale · Disposed 50,000 · Balance 150,555 F1: The price reported in Column 4 is a weighted average price. These shares were sold in multiple transactions at prices ranging from $67.47 to $67.685, inclusive. The reporting person undertakes to provide to the Company, any security holder of the Company, or the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, full information regarding the number of shares sold at each separate price within the range set forth in this footnote to this Form 4. |
| Common StockSEC Table I · non-derivative | Indirect401(k) | 2,241.513 |
Reported balance
Holding disclosure · report date 2021-12-13 · row 2
Holding and transaction disclosures are not merged.
1 source rowRow 2 · Balance 2,241.513 F2: Shares held in the Xcel Energy Stock Fund under the Xcel Energy 401(k) Savings Plan as of a plan statement dated December 10, 2021. |
Filing footnotes · ownership attribution and instrument terms
F1: The price reported in Column 4 is a weighted average price. These shares were sold in multiple transactions at prices ranging from $67.47 to $67.685, inclusive. The reporting person undertakes to provide to the Company, any security holder of the Company, or the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, full information regarding the number of shares sold at each separate price within the range set forth in this footnote to this Form 4.
F2: Shares held in the Xcel Energy Stock Fund under the Xcel Energy 401(k) Savings Plan as of a plan statement dated December 10, 2021.
Transaction history
JSON APIPurchases/sales include open-market and private transactions. Plan disclosure applies to the filing; individual rows may differ. “Not disclosed” is not “unplanned.”
The cutoff filters transaction history only. Company summaries and owner relationships show the latest available disclosures. Parser corrections can improve historical records.
| Transaction date | Company | Activity / security | Shares / units | Reported price | Reported value | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 06, 2019 Filed Mar 8, 2019 21:01 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | SaleCommon Stock | 75,000 | $55.13 | $4,134,600.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001567619-19-006480 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 658,862 F1 · price: The price reported in Column 4 is a weighted average price. These shares were sold in multiple transactions at prices ranging from $55.04 to $55.22, inclusive. The reporting person undertakes to provide to the Company, any security holder of the Company, or the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, full information regarding the number of shares sold at each separate price within the ranges set forth in this footnote to this Form 4. Read SEC document |
| March 01, 2019 Filed Mar 5, 2019 22:39 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Tax withholdingCommon Stock | 3,116.956 | $54.86 | $170,996.21 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001567619-19-006186 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 733,862 F1 · balance_after: Withholding of stock to satisfy tax withholding obligation on vesting of a previously reported award of restricted stock under the Xcel Energy Executive Annual Incentive Award Program. A fractional share interest was settled in cash in connection with the vesting of the restricted stock award and the withholding of shares for taxes. Read SEC document |
| February 19, 2019 Filed Feb 21, 2019 23:25 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Exercise / conversionRestricted Stock Units · Derivative | 35,746.399 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001567619-19-005169 · doc1.xml · derivative · entry 5 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Stock · 35,746.399 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · derivative.exercise_price: Restricted stock units are settled in common stock on a one-for-one basis. F5 · shares: Number of shares and units shown reflects the reinvestment of dividend equivalents since the original grant of 32,494 units. F6 · derivative.exercise_date: Award vested on December 31, 2018 but was settled in shares of common stock on February 19, 2019. F6 · derivative.expiration_date: Award vested on December 31, 2018 but was settled in shares of common stock on February 19, 2019. Read SEC document |
| February 19, 2019 Filed Feb 21, 2019 23:25 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Tax withholdingCommon Stock | 64,639.47 | $53.46 | $3,455,626.07 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001567619-19-005169 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 3 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 736,978.956 F3 · balance_after: Fractional share interests relating to the settlement of restricted stock and performance share unit awards and relating to share withholding for taxes were settled in cash. Read SEC document |
| February 19, 2019 Filed Feb 21, 2019 23:25 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Exercise / conversionCommon Stock | 35,746.399 | Not disclosed | Not disclosed |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001567619-19-005169 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 801,618.426 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · price: Restricted stock units are settled in common stock on a one-for-one basis. Read SEC document |
| February 19, 2019 Filed Feb 21, 2019 23:25 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | GrantCommon Stock | 107,234.071 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001567619-19-005169 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 765,872.027 F1 · balance_after: This amount also includes 50.79 shares of stock acquired since the reporting person's last report pursuant to the reinvestment of dividends. Read SEC document |
| January 02, 2019 Filed Jan 3, 2019 21:46 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | GrantRestricted Stock Units · Derivative | 32,144 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001567619-19-000315 · doc1.xml · derivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 32,144 Underlying: Common Stock · 32,144 shares Expires 2021-12-31 F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Upon vesting, each restricted stock unit may be settled in one share of Xcel Energy common stock or in the cash value thereof, or a combination of cash and shares, in the discretion of the Governance, Compensation and Nominating Committee. F2 · derivative.exercise_date: Award vests on December 31, 2021. Read SEC document |
| November 14, 2018 Filed Jan 25, 2019 22:41 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | GiftCommon Stock | 3,077 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001567619-19-001680 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 658,587.166 F1 · balance_after: Includes 107.656 stock equivalent units acquired pursuant to the reinvestment of dividend equivalents. Read SEC document |
| April 30, 2018 Filed May 1, 2018 20:09 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | SaleCommon Stock | 80,000 | $47.01 | $3,761,000.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-18-020826 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 661,556.51 F1 · balance_after: Includes 55.656 shares of stock acquired pursuant to reinvestment of dividends. Read SEC document |
| March 01, 2018 Filed Mar 5, 2018 22:54 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Tax withholdingCommon Stock | 7,309.44 | $43.28 | $316,352.56 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-18-012056 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 741,500.854 F1 · balance_after: Withholding of stock to satisfy tax withholding obligation on vesting of a previously reported award of restricted stock under the Xcel Energy Executive Annual Incentive Award Program. A fractional share interest was settled in cash in connection with the vesting of the restricted stock award and the withholding of shares for taxes. Read SEC document |
| February 20, 2018 Filed Feb 23, 2018 02:11 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Exercise / conversionRestricted Stock Units · Derivative | 112,642.072 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-18-009714 · doc1.xml · derivative · entry 7 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Stock · 112,642.072 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · derivative.exercise_price: Restricted stock units are settled in common stock on a one-for-one basis. F7 · derivative.exercise_date: On Feb. 20, 2013, the reporting person was granted 141,300 restricted stock units, one-third of which vested on Feb. 20, 2016, and the remaining two-thirds vested on Feb. 20, 2018. F7 · derivative.expiration_date: On Feb. 20, 2013, the reporting person was granted 141,300 restricted stock units, one-third of which vested on Feb. 20, 2016, and the remaining two-thirds vested on Feb. 20, 2018. F8 · derivative.underlying_shares: Includes 6,937.63 additional restricted units acquired pursuant to reinvestment of dividend equivalents credited on outstanding restricted stock units. Read SEC document |
| February 20, 2018 Filed Feb 23, 2018 02:11 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Exercise / conversionRestricted Stock Units · Derivative | 33,038.284 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-18-009714 · doc1.xml · derivative · entry 6 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Stock · 33,038.284 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · derivative.exercise_price: Restricted stock units are settled in common stock on a one-for-one basis. F5 · derivative.exercise_date: Award vested on December 31, 2017 but was settled in shares of common stock on February 20, 2018. F5 · derivative.expiration_date: Award vested on December 31, 2017 but was settled in shares of common stock on February 20, 2018. F6 · derivative.underlying_shares: Number of shares and units shown reflects the reinvestment of dividend equivalents since the original grant of 29,901 units. Read SEC document |
| February 20, 2018 Filed Feb 23, 2018 02:11 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Tax withholdingCommon Stock | 170,876.239 | $44.68 | $7,634,750.36 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-18-009714 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 4 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 748,810.289 F3 · balance_after: A fractional share interest was settled in cash in connection with the settlement of restricted stock and performance share unit awards and the withholding of shares for taxes. Read SEC document |
| February 20, 2018 Filed Feb 23, 2018 02:11 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Exercise / conversionCommon Stock | 112,642.072 | Not disclosed | Not disclosed |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-18-009714 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 3 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 919,686.53 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · price: Restricted stock units are settled in common stock on a one-for-one basis. Read SEC document |
| February 20, 2018 Filed Feb 23, 2018 02:11 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Exercise / conversionCommon Stock | 33,038.284 | Not disclosed | Not disclosed |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-18-009714 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 807,044.458 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · price: Restricted stock units are settled in common stock on a one-for-one basis. Read SEC document |
| February 20, 2018 Filed Feb 23, 2018 02:11 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | GrantCommon Stock | 219,536.885 | $44.68 | $9,808,908.02 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-18-009714 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 774,006.174 F1 · balance_after: This amount also includes 688.880 shares of stock acquired since the reporting person's last report pursuant to the reinvestment of dividends. Read SEC document |
| January 02, 2018 Filed Jan 5, 2018 01:43 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | GrantRestricted Stock Units · Derivative | 29,806 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-18-000941 · doc1.xml · derivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 29,806 Underlying: Common Stock · 29,806 shares Expires 2020-12-31 F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Upon vesting, each restricted stock unit may be settled in one share of Xcel Energy common stock or in the cash value thereof, or a combination of cash and shares, in the discretion of the Governance, Compensation and Nominating Committee. F2 · derivative.exercise_date: Award vests on Dec. 31, 2020. Read SEC document |
| March 01, 2017 Filed Mar 3, 2017 21:25 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Tax withholdingCommon Stock | 7,490.983 | $43.71 | $327,430.87 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-17-010529 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 553,780.409 F1 · balance_after: Withholding of stock to satisfy tax withholding obligation on vesting of an award of restricted stock under the Xcel Energy Executive Annual Incentive Award Program that were included in the common stock holdings reported by the reporting person on Form 4 filed on February 23, 2017. A fractional share interest was settled in cash in connection with the vesting of the restricted stock award and the withholding of shares for taxes. Read SEC document |
| February 21, 2017 Filed Feb 24, 2017 02:53 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Exercise / conversionRestricted Stock Units · Derivative | 37,421.286 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-17-008944 · doc1.xml · derivative · entry 5 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Stock · 37,421.286 shares Expires not disclosed Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · derivative.exercise_price: Restricted stock units are settled in common stock on a one-for-one basis. F5 · shares: Number of shares and units shown reflects the reinvestment of dividend equivalents since the original grant of 33,682 units. F6 · derivative.exercise_date: Award vested on December 31, 2016 but was settled in shares of common stock on February 21, 2017. F6 · derivative.expiration_date: Award vested on December 31, 2016 but was settled in shares of common stock on February 21, 2017. F5 · derivative.underlying_shares: Number of shares and units shown reflects the reinvestment of dividend equivalents since the original grant of 33,682 units. Read SEC document |
| February 21, 2017 Filed Feb 24, 2017 02:53 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Tax withholdingCommon Stock | 130,554.48 | $42.00 | $5,483,288.16 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-17-008944 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 3 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 561,271.392 F3 · balance_after: A fractional share interest was settled in cash in connection with the settlement of restricted stock and performance share unit awards and the withholding of shares for taxes. Read SEC document |
| February 21, 2017 Filed Feb 24, 2017 02:53 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | Exercise / conversionCommon Stock | 37,421.286 | Not disclosed | Not disclosed |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-17-008944 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 691,826.741 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · price: Restricted stock units are settled in common stock on a one-for-one basis. Read SEC document |
| February 21, 2017 Filed Feb 24, 2017 02:53 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | GrantCommon Stock | 225,017.063 | $42.00 | $9,450,716.65 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-17-008944 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 654,405.455 F1 · balance_after: This amount also includes 895.758 shares of stock acquired since the reporting person's last report pursuant to the reinvestment of dividends. Read SEC document |
| January 03, 2017 Filed Jan 5, 2017 22:26 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | GrantRestricted Stock Units · Derivative | 32,004 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-17-000787 · doc1.xml · derivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 32,004 Underlying: Common Stock · 32,004 shares Expires 2019-12-31 F1 · derivative.exercise_price: Upon vesting, each restricted stock unit may be settled in one share of Xcel Energy common stock or in the cash value thereof, or a combination of cash and shares, in the discretion of the Governance, Compensation and Nominating Committee. F2 · derivative.exercise_date: Award vests on Dec. 31, 2019. Read SEC document |
| December 07, 2016 Filed Dec 9, 2016 23:13 UTC | XCEL ENERGY INC XEL · Entity 3042 | GiftCommon Stock | 10,953 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001140361-16-089298 · doc1.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 FOWKE BENJAMIN G S III · CIK 0001206908 · Director · Chairman, President and CEO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 429,080.011 F1 · balance_after: This amount also includes 895.758 shares of stock acquired since the reporting person's last report pursuant to the reinvestment of dividends. Read SEC document |
Value uses the disclosed total when available, otherwise shares × reported transaction price. It is not an estimate of exercise cash cost or investment performance.