Reported relationships
Latest disclosed role at each company.
| Company | Last reported as | Report date | Published |
|---|---|---|---|
| DANA IncDAN · Entity 6 | Director | August 28, 2026 | September 02, 2026 |
| DEERE & CODE · Entity 106 | Group President, Fnc'l Srvcs | December 09, 2015 | December 10, 2015 |
Disclosed balances
About these balances
Latest available filing per company, not a reconstructed current portfolio. Matching sequences show the last reported balance with all source rows expandable; grouping alone does not establish account ownership. Do not add unresolved positions together. Filings may omit unchanged positions, and amendments may correct only part of an older disclosure. Jointly reported shares are not necessarily this owner's personal holdings.
DANA Inc
Report date August 28, 2026 · Filed September 02, 2026
| Security / award | Ownership account | Disclosed shares / units | Disclosure context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dividend Equivalent RightsSEC Table II · derivative / convertible security | Direct | 60 |
Reported balance
After 2026-08-28 transaction · row 1
Instrument identity requires review; Table II rows are not merged.
1 source rowRow 1 · 2026-08-28 · Grant · Acquired 21 · Balance 60 F1: Dividend equivalent rights accrued on previously granted restricted stock units and become exercisable proportionately with the restricted stock units to which they relate. Each dividend equivalent right is the economic equivalent of one share of Dana common stock. |
Filing footnotes · ownership attribution and instrument terms
F1: Dividend equivalent rights accrued on previously granted restricted stock units and become exercisable proportionately with the restricted stock units to which they relate. Each dividend equivalent right is the economic equivalent of one share of Dana common stock.
DEERE & CO
Report date December 09, 2015 · Filed December 10, 2015
| Security / award | Ownership account | Disclosed shares / units | Disclosure context |
|---|---|---|---|
| $1 Par Common StockSEC Table I · non-derivative | Direct | 73,721 |
Reported balance
After 2015-12-09 transaction · row 1
Account or security details depend on footnotes; rows are not merged.
1 source rowRow 1 · 2015-12-09 · Grant · Acquired 4,704 · Balance 73,721 F1: Grant of restricted stock units under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. Awards include the ability to withhold shares upon conversion to satisfy tax obligations. F2: Includes 55,293 restricted stock units under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan to be settled solely in shares. |
| Market Priced OptionsSEC Table II · derivative / convertible security · Conversion / exercise price $79.24 · Expires 2025-12-09 | Direct | 30,918 |
Reported balance
After 2015-12-09 transaction · row 3
Instrument identity requires review; Table II rows are not merged.
1 source rowRow 3 · 2015-12-09 · Grant · Acquired 30,918 · Balance 30,918 F3: All options include the ability to withhold shares upon the exercise of the option to satisfy income tax obligations. F4: The options become exercisable in three approximately equal installments on December 9, 2016, December 9, 2017, and December 9, 2018. |
| $1 Par Common StockSEC Table I · non-derivative | IndirectBy Trust | 23,000 |
Reported balance
Holding disclosure · report date 2015-12-09 · row 2
Holding and transaction disclosures are not merged.
1 source rowRow 2 · Balance 23,000 |
Filing footnotes · ownership attribution and instrument terms
F1: Grant of restricted stock units under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. Awards include the ability to withhold shares upon conversion to satisfy tax obligations.
F2: Includes 55,293 restricted stock units under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan to be settled solely in shares.
F3: All options include the ability to withhold shares upon the exercise of the option to satisfy income tax obligations.
F4: The options become exercisable in three approximately equal installments on December 9, 2016, December 9, 2017, and December 9, 2018.
Transaction history
JSON APIPurchases/sales include open-market and private transactions. Plan disclosure applies to the filing; individual rows may differ. “Not disclosed” is not “unplanned.”
The cutoff filters transaction history only. Company summaries and owner relationships show the latest available disclosures. Parser corrections can improve historical records.
| Transaction date | Company | Activity / security | Shares / units | Reported price | Reported value | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| October 01, 2007 Filed Oct 1, 2007 16:32 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Sale$1 Par Common Stock | 11,971 | $150.00 | $1,795,650.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-07-000058 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President & CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 26,374 F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 24 May 2007. F3 · balance_after: Includes 26,374 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan to be settled solely in shares. Read SEC document |
| October 01, 2007 Filed Oct 1, 2007 16:32 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversion$1 Par Common Stock | 11,971 | $69.37 | $830,428.27 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-07-000058 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President & CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 38,345 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 24 May 2007. F3 · balance_after: Includes 26,374 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan to be settled solely in shares. Read SEC document |
| August 31, 2007 Filed Aug 31, 2007 15:29 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversionMarket Priced Options · Derivative | 19,381 | $0.00 Strike: $61.64 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-07-000048 · primary_doc.xml · derivative · entry 3 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Stock · 19,381 shares Expires 2013-12-10 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b) 5-1 option exercise plan executed on 24 May 2007. F4 · security: All options include the ability to withhold shares for income tax obligations upon the exercise of the option. F5 · derivative.exercise_date: The options became exercisable in three approximately equal installments on December 10, 2004, December 10, 2005 and December 10, 2006. Read SEC document |
| August 31, 2007 Filed Aug 31, 2007 15:29 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Sale$1 Par Common Stock | 19,381 | $135.00 | $2,616,435.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-07-000048 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 26,374 F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b) 5-1 option exercise plan executed on 24 May 2007. F3 · balance_after: Includes 26,374 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan to be settled solely in shares. Read SEC document |
| August 31, 2007 Filed Aug 31, 2007 15:29 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversion$1 Par Common Stock | 19,381 | $61.64 | $1,194,644.84 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-07-000048 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 45,755 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b) 5-1 option exercise plan executed on 24 May 2007. F3 · balance_after: Includes 26,374 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan to be settled solely in shares. Read SEC document |
| February 01, 2007 Filed Feb 1, 2007 18:00 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversionMarket Priced Options · Derivative | 13,625 | $0.00 Strike: $45.80 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-07-000005 · primary_doc.xml · derivative · entry 3 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Stock · 13,625 shares Expires 2012-12-11 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F4 · security: All options include the ability to withhold shares for income tax obligations upon the exercise of the option. F5 · derivative.exercise_date: The options became exercisable in three approximately equal installments on December 11, 2003, December 11, 2004, and December 11, 2005. Read SEC document |
| February 01, 2007 Filed Feb 1, 2007 18:00 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Sale$1 Par Common Stock | 13,625 | $102.00 | $1,389,750.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-07-000005 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 26,374 F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F3 · balance_after: Includes 26,374 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan to be settled solely in shares. Read SEC document |
| February 01, 2007 Filed Feb 1, 2007 18:00 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversion$1 Par Common Stock | 13,625 | $45.80 | $624,025.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-07-000005 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 39,999 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F3 · balance_after: Includes 26,374 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan to be settled solely in shares. Read SEC document |
| December 06, 2006 Filed Dec 8, 2006 16:24 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | GrantMarket Priced Options · Derivative | 17,703 | $0.00 Strike: $96.75 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001104659-06-080360 · a4.xml · derivative · entry 2 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 17,703 Underlying: Common Stock · 17,703 shares Expires 2016-12-06 F4 · security: All options include the ability to withhold shares upon the exercise of the option to satisfy income tax obligations. F5 · derivative.exercise_date: The options become exercisable in three approximately equal installments on December 6, 2007, December 6, 2008 and December 6, 2009. Read SEC document |
| December 06, 2006 Filed Dec 8, 2006 16:24 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Grant$1 Par Common Stock | 5,901 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001104659-06-080360 · a4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 26,374 F1 · security: References to Deere & Company common stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · shares: Grant of restricted stock units under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. F3 · balance_after: Include 26,374 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. Read SEC document |
| November 21, 2006 Filed Nov 22, 2006 15:09 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversionMarket Priced Options · Derivative | 19,176 | $0.00 Strike: $42.30 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000066 · primary_doc.xml · derivative · entry 6 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Stock · 19,176 shares Expires 2011-12-12 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F4 · security: All options include the ability to withhold shares for income tax obligations upon the exercise of the option. F6 · derivative.exercise_date: The options became exercisable in three approximately equal installments on December 12, 2002, December 12, 2003 and December 12, 2004. Read SEC document |
| November 21, 2006 Filed Nov 22, 2006 15:09 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversionMarket Priced Options · Derivative | 14,874 | $0.00 Strike: $42.07 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000066 · primary_doc.xml · derivative · entry 5 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Stock · 14,874 shares Expires 2010-12-13 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F4 · security: All options include the ability to withhold shares for income tax obligations upon the exercise of the option. F5 · derivative.exercise_date: The options became exercisable in three approximately equal installments on December 13, 2001, December 13, 2002 and December 13, 2003. Read SEC document |
| November 21, 2006 Filed Nov 22, 2006 15:09 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Sale$1 Par Common Stock | 19,176 | $94.60 | $1,814,049.60 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000066 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 4 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 20,473 F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F3 · balance_after: Includes 20,473 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. Read SEC document |
| November 21, 2006 Filed Nov 22, 2006 15:09 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversion$1 Par Common Stock | 19,176 | $42.30 | $811,144.80 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000066 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 3 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 39,649 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F3 · balance_after: Includes 20,473 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. Read SEC document |
| November 21, 2006 Filed Nov 22, 2006 15:09 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Sale$1 Par Common Stock | 14,874 | $91.00 | $1,353,534.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000066 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 20,473 F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F3 · balance_after: Includes 20,473 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. Read SEC document |
| November 21, 2006 Filed Nov 22, 2006 15:09 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversion$1 Par Common Stock | 14,874 | $42.07 | $625,749.18 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000066 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 35,347 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F3 · balance_after: Includes 20,473 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. Read SEC document |
| October 12, 2006 Filed Oct 16, 2006 14:30 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversionMarket Priced Options · Derivative | 13,464 | $0.00 Strike: $41.47 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000063 · primary_doc.xml · derivative · entry 3 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Stock · 13,464 shares Expires 2009-12-08 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F4 · security: All options include the ability to withhold shares for income tax obligations upon the exercise of the option. F5 · derivative.exercise_date: The options became exercisable in three approximately equal installments on December 8, 2000, December 8, 2001 and December 8, 2002. Read SEC document |
| October 12, 2006 Filed Oct 16, 2006 14:30 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Sale$1 Par Common Stock | 13,464 | $90.00 | $1,211,760.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000063 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 20,473 F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F3 · balance_after: Includes 20,473 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. Read SEC document |
| October 12, 2006 Filed Oct 16, 2006 14:30 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversion$1 Par Common Stock | 13,464 | $41.47 | $558,352.08 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000063 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 33,937 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F3 · balance_after: Includes 20,473 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. Read SEC document |
| October 09, 2006 Filed Oct 10, 2006 14:46 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversionMarket Priced Options · Derivative | 3,719 | $0.00 Strike: $56.50 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000062 · primary_doc.xml · derivative · entry 3 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 0 Underlying: Common Stock · 3,719 shares Expires 2007-12-10 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F4 · security: All options include the ability to withhold shares for income tax obligations upon the exercise of the option. Read SEC document |
| October 09, 2006 Filed Oct 10, 2006 14:46 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Sale$1 Par Common Stock | 3,719 | $89.00 | $330,991.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000062 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 20,473 F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F3 · balance_after: Includes 20,473 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. Read SEC document |
| October 09, 2006 Filed Oct 10, 2006 14:46 UTC | DEERE & CO DE · Entity 106 | Exercise / conversion$1 Par Common Stock | 3,719 | $56.50 | $210,123.50 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0000315189-06-000062 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Mack Michael J · CIK 0001349264 · Senior Vice President and CFO 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 24,192 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · security: References to Deere & Company stock include associated preferred stock rights. F2 · security: Exercise of Rule 16b-3 options and related sale of shares pursuant to a Rule 10(b)5-1 option exercise plan executed on 1 June 2006. F3 · balance_after: Includes 20,473 restricted stock units granted under the John Deere Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan. Read SEC document |
Value uses the disclosed total when available, otherwise shares × reported transaction price. It is not an estimate of exercise cash cost or investment performance.