Reported relationships
Latest disclosed role at each company.
| Company | Last reported as | Report date | Published |
|---|---|---|---|
| EMMAUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC.NONE · Entity 156030 | Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner | July 09, 2019 | July 11, 2019 |
| Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc.EMMA · Entity 205 | Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner | January 12, 2023 | January 17, 2023 |
Disclosed balances
About these balances
Latest available filing per company, not a reconstructed current portfolio. Matching sequences show the last reported balance with all source rows expandable; grouping alone does not establish account ownership. Do not add unresolved positions together. Filings may omit unchanged positions, and amendments may correct only part of an older disclosure. Jointly reported shares are not necessarily this owner's personal holdings.
EMMAUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC.
Report date July 09, 2019 · Filed July 11, 2019
| Security / award | Ownership account | Disclosed shares / units | Disclosure context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Promissory Note dated 9/14/17, as amendedSEC Table II · derivative / convertible security · Conversion / exercise price $10.00 · Expires 2019-07-31 | Direct | 1 |
Reported balance
After 2019-07-09 transaction · row 1
Instrument identity requires review; Table II rows are not merged.
1 source rowRow 1 · 2019-07-09 · Other · Acquired 1 · Balance 1 F1: The outstanding promissory note of the Issuer held by the Reporting Person was amended to provide for the automatic conversion of the outstanding principal amount of and accrued and unpaid interest on the note into shares of common stock of the Issuer immediately prior to the effective time of the proposed merger transaction between the Issuer and MYnd Analytics, Inc. F2: See footnote 1. F3: Represents the outside date for completion of the proposed merger, unless extended by the parties. F4: The actual number of conversion shares may vary depending upon the closing date of the proposed merger transaction. |
| Promissory Note dated 3/6/16, as amendedSEC Table II · derivative / convertible security · Conversion / exercise price $10.00 · Expires 2019-07-31 | IndirectBy Hope International Hospice, Inc. | 1 |
Reported balance
After 2019-07-09 transaction · row 2
Instrument identity requires review; Table II rows are not merged.
1 source rowRow 2 · 2019-07-09 · Other · Acquired 1 · Balance 1 F1: The outstanding promissory note of the Issuer held by the Reporting Person was amended to provide for the automatic conversion of the outstanding principal amount of and accrued and unpaid interest on the note into shares of common stock of the Issuer immediately prior to the effective time of the proposed merger transaction between the Issuer and MYnd Analytics, Inc. F2: See footnote 1. F3: Represents the outside date for completion of the proposed merger, unless extended by the parties. F4: The actual number of conversion shares may vary depending upon the closing date of the proposed merger transaction. F5: Hope International Hospice, Inc. is a California corporation of which the Reporting Person and his wife are the sole shareholders and directors and, as such, are deemed to beneficially own the securities shown. |
Filing footnotes · ownership attribution and instrument terms
F1: The outstanding promissory note of the Issuer held by the Reporting Person was amended to provide for the automatic conversion of the outstanding principal amount of and accrued and unpaid interest on the note into shares of common stock of the Issuer immediately prior to the effective time of the proposed merger transaction between the Issuer and MYnd Analytics, Inc.
F2: See footnote 1.
F3: Represents the outside date for completion of the proposed merger, unless extended by the parties.
F4: The actual number of conversion shares may vary depending upon the closing date of the proposed merger transaction.
F5: Hope International Hospice, Inc. is a California corporation of which the Reporting Person and his wife are the sole shareholders and directors and, as such, are deemed to beneficially own the securities shown.
Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc.
Report date January 12, 2023 · Filed January 17, 2023
| Security / award | Ownership account | Disclosed shares / units | Disclosure context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Warrants (right to buy)SEC Table II · derivative / convertible security · Conversion / exercise price $4.50 · Expires 2028-01-11 | Direct | 0 |
Reported balance
After 2023-01-12 transaction · row 1
Instrument identity requires review; Table II rows are not merged.
1 source rowRow 1 · 2023-01-12 · Grant · Acquired 7,500,000 · Balance 0 |
Transaction history
JSON APIPurchases/sales include open-market and private transactions. Plan disclosure applies to the filing; individual rows may differ. “Not disclosed” is not “unplanned.”
The cutoff filters transaction history only. Company summaries and owner relationships show the latest available disclosures. Parser corrections can improve historical records.
| Transaction date | Company | Activity / security | Shares / units | Reported price | Reported value | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| August 21, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 3,167 | $3.40 | $10,767.80 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 18 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,181,626 Read SEC document |
| August 21, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 193 | $3.39 | $654.27 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 17 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,178,459 Read SEC document |
| August 21, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 2,740 | $3.35 | $9,179.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 16 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,178,266 Read SEC document |
| August 21, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 100 | $3.34 | $334.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 15 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,175,526 Read SEC document |
| August 21, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 100 | $3.32 | $332.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 14 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,175,426 Read SEC document |
| August 21, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, 40.001 par value | 200 | $3.32 | $663.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 13 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,175,326 Read SEC document |
| August 21, 2019 Filed Sep 9, 2019 17:40 UTC Amendment | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 6,500 | $3.37 | $21,905.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-048857 · doc4a.xml · nonDerivative · entry 3 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,183,293 F4 · price: The price reported is a weighted average price. These shares were purchased in multiple transactions at prices ranging from $3.315 to $3.40, inclusive. Read SEC document |
| August 20, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 3,846 | $3.40 | $13,076.40 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 12 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,175,126 Read SEC document |
| August 20, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 25 | $3.39 | $84.75 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 11 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,171,280 Read SEC document |
| August 20, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 100 | $3.38 | $338.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 10 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,171,255 Read SEC document |
| August 20, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 1,600 | $3.37 | $5,392.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 9 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,171,155 Read SEC document |
| August 20, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 914 | $3.36 | $3,071.04 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 8 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,169,555 Read SEC document |
| August 20, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 15 | $3.34 | $50.10 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 7 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,168,641 Read SEC document |
| August 20, 2019 Filed Sep 9, 2019 17:40 UTC Amendment | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 6,500 | $3.39 | $22,035.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-048857 · doc4a.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,176,793 F3 · price: The price reported is a weighted average price. These shares were purchased in multiple transactions at prices ranging from $3.34 to $3.40, inclusive. Read SEC document |
| August 19, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 5,100 | $3.40 | $17,340.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 6 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,168,626 Read SEC document |
| August 19, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 100 | $3.39 | $338.50 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 5 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,163,526 Read SEC document |
| August 19, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 100 | $3.38 | $337.50 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 4 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,163,426 Read SEC document |
| August 19, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 1,000 | $3.37 | $3,370.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 3 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,163,326 Read SEC document |
| August 19, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 100 | $3.36 | $336.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,162,326 Read SEC document |
| August 19, 2019 Filed Aug 21, 2019 20:43 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 100 | $3.34 | $334.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-047002 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,162,226 F1 · ownership.direct: The shares shown and all other shares shown in this Report as owned directly include shares owned jointly with Soomi Niihara, the reporting person's wife. Read SEC document |
| August 19, 2019 Filed Sep 9, 2019 17:40 UTC Amendment | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | PurchaseCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 6,500 | $3.39 | $22,035.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-048857 · doc4a.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 10,170,293 F1 · price: The price reported is a weighted average price. These shares were purchased in multiple transactions at prices ranging from $3.34 to $3.40, inclusive. The reporting person undertakes to provide to Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc., any security holder of Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc., or the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, full information regarding the number of shares purchased at each separate price within the range set forth in footnotes (1), (3) and (4) to this Form 4. F2 · ownership.direct: The shares shown include shares owned jointly with Soomi Niihara, the reporting person's wife. Read SEC document |
| July 17, 2019 Filed Sep 26, 2019 18:51 UTC | Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc. EMMA · Entity 205 | GiftCommon stock, $0.001 par value | 46,446 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-050858 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 5 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Indirect · Custodian shares Disclosed balance after: 0 F5 · ownership.nature: The shares shown were transferred by Dr. Niihara to his adult children who do not share his household. Dr. Niihara previously held the shares as custodian for his children. Read SEC document |
| July 09, 2019 Filed Jul 11, 2019 11:24 UTC | EMMAUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC. NONE · Entity 156030 | OtherPromissory Note dated 3/6/16, as amended · Derivative | 1 | $0.00 Strike: $10.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-041778 · doc4.xml · derivative · entry 2 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Indirect · By Hope International Hospice, Inc. Disclosed balance after: 1 Underlying: Common Stock · 32,808 shares Expires 2019-07-31 F1 · kind: The outstanding promissory note of the Issuer held by the Reporting Person was amended to provide for the automatic conversion of the outstanding principal amount of and accrued and unpaid interest on the note into shares of common stock of the Issuer immediately prior to the effective time of the proposed merger transaction between the Issuer and MYnd Analytics, Inc. F2 · derivative.exercise_date: See footnote 1. F3 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents the outside date for completion of the proposed merger, unless extended by the parties. F4 · derivative.underlying_shares: The actual number of conversion shares may vary depending upon the closing date of the proposed merger transaction. F5 · ownership.nature: Hope International Hospice, Inc. is a California corporation of which the Reporting Person and his wife are the sole shareholders and directors and, as such, are deemed to beneficially own the securities shown. Read SEC document |
| July 09, 2019 Filed Jul 11, 2019 11:24 UTC | EMMAUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC. NONE · Entity 156030 | OtherPromissory Note dated 9/14/17, as amended · Derivative | 1 | $0.00 Strike: $10.00 | $0.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-041778 · doc4.xml · derivative · entry 1 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: 1 Underlying: Common Stock · 2,879 shares Expires 2019-07-31 F1 · kind: The outstanding promissory note of the Issuer held by the Reporting Person was amended to provide for the automatic conversion of the outstanding principal amount of and accrued and unpaid interest on the note into shares of common stock of the Issuer immediately prior to the effective time of the proposed merger transaction between the Issuer and MYnd Analytics, Inc. F2 · derivative.exercise_date: See footnote 1. F3 · derivative.expiration_date: Represents the outside date for completion of the proposed merger, unless extended by the parties. F4 · derivative.underlying_shares: The actual number of conversion shares may vary depending upon the closing date of the proposed merger transaction. Read SEC document |
| May 29, 2019 Filed May 31, 2019 10:55 UTC | EMMAUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC. NONE · Entity 156030 | PurchaseCommon stock | 5,000 | $10.00 | $50,000.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001209191-19-033559 · doc4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Indirect · By wife Disclosed balance after: 10,000 Read SEC document |
| November 30, 2018 Filed Dec 14, 2018 19:01 UTC | EMMAUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC. NONE · Entity 156030 | PurchaseCommon Stock | 5,000 | $10.00 | $50,000.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001250853-18-000155 · primary_doc.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · Chairman and CEO · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Indirect · By Wife Disclosed balance after: 5,000 Read SEC document |
| November 14, 2016 Filed Nov 17, 2016 21:10 UTC | EMMAUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC. NONE · Entity 156030 | PurchaseCommon Stock | 10,000 | $4.50 | $45,000.00 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001104659-16-157889 · a4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 2 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Indirect · See footnote Disclosed balance after: 11,812,408 F2 · ownership.nature: Includes 9,593,260 shares that are held jointly by Yutaka Niihara and his wife and Soomi Niihara. Also includes 44,229 shares of common stock for which Dr. Niihara is custodian and has sole voting and investment control over the shares. Also includes 55,556 shares owned by Hope International Hospice, Inc (Hope Hospice). Dr. Niihara is the Chief Executive Officer of Hope Hospice and, as such, has voting and investment power over such shares. Also includes 750,000 shares underlying stock options, 1,300,000 shares underlying warrants to purchase shares of common stock and 49,363 shares of common stock underlying outstanding convertible notes. Dr. Niihara disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by Hope Hospice and this report should not be deemed an admission that he is the beneficial owner of such shares for purposes of Section 16 or for any other purpose. Read SEC document |
| September 15, 2016 Filed Nov 17, 2016 21:10 UTC | EMMAUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC. NONE · Entity 156030 | ConversionConvertible Promissory Note dated 2015-09-29 · Derivative | Not disclosed | $3.50 Strike: $3.50 | $109,644.50 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001104659-16-157889 · a4.xml · derivative · entry 3 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Direct Disclosed balance after: Not disclosed Underlying: Common Stock · 0 shares Expires 2017-09-28 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. Read SEC document |
| September 15, 2016 Filed Nov 17, 2016 21:10 UTC | EMMAUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC. NONE · Entity 156030 | ConversionCommon Stock | 31,327 | $3.50 | $109,644.50 |
DisclosureSEC source: 0001104659-16-157889 · a4.xml · nonDerivative · entry 1 Niihara Yutaka · CIK 0001517691 · Director · 10% owner 10b5-1 filing: Not disclosed Ownership: Indirect · See footnote Disclosed balance after: 11,802,408 Exercise/conversion can include RSU settlement. Transaction price and option strike are different fields; a missing price is not zero. Derivative and underlying rows can describe the same event. F1 · ownership.nature: Includes 9,583,260 shares that are held jointly by Yutaka Niihara and his wife and Soomi Niihara. Also includes 44,229 shares of common stock for which Dr. Niihara is custodian and has sole voting and investment control over the shares. Also includes 55,556 shares owned by Hope International Hospice, Inc (Hope Hospice). Dr. Niihara is the Chief Executive Officer of Hope Hospice and, as such, has voting and investment power over such shares. Also includes 750,000 shares underlying stock options, 1,300,000 shares underlying warrants to purchase shares of common stock and 49,363 shares of common stock underlying outstanding convertible notes. Dr. Niihara disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by Hope Hospice and this report should not be deemed an admission that he is the beneficial owner of such shares for purposes of Section 16 or for any other purpose. Read SEC document |
Value uses the disclosed total when available, otherwise shares × reported transaction price. It is not an estimate of exercise cash cost or investment performance.